Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

The history of sri lanka

 The history of Sri Lanka is intertwined with the history of the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions, including South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean. 

The oldest human remains found in Sri Lanka date back to 125,000 years ago (the Balangoda Man). Further afield, in Block 2 of the Yala National Park, is evidence of Homo sapiens, a descendant of African chimpanzees.The earliest documents containing information about the settlement of Sri Lanka are the Pali chronicles such as the Mahavamsa, the Deepavamsa, and the Chulavamsa. These chronicles describe the history of the Sinhalese people from northern India, beginning with the arrival of the Sinhalese people. The establishment of the Tambapanni Kingdom in the 6th century BC marked the beginning of the Sinhalese dynasty. BC.  King Pandukabhaya, who reigned in the 4th century, is considered the first Sri Lankan ruler of the Anuradhapura Kingdom. Buddhism was introduced to the country by Mahinda in the 3rd century BC.

The subsequent centuries saw the invasions of the Cholas, and the division and reunification of the island into smaller kingdoms. From the Anuradhapura period to the Kandyan period, Sri Lanka was ruled by 181 kings and queens. Since the 16th century, some coastal areas of the country have been under the Portuguese, Dutch and British empires. Between 1597 and 1658, a significant part of the island was ruled by the Portuguese. The Portuguese lost their territories due to the intervention of the Dutch during the Eighty Years' War.  Following the Kandyan Wars, the island was reunified under British rule in 1815. There were also two armed uprisings against the British, the Uva Wellassa Rebellion of 1818 and the Matale Rebellion of 1848. The country was finally granted independence by the British in 1948, but remained a Dominion under the British Empire until 1972.

Sri Lanka became a republic in 1972. A new constitution was introduced in 1978, making the country an executive president. In addition to the 1971 and 1987 rebellions, the Sri Lankan Civil War began in 1983 and lasted for 25 years, ending in 2009.

After independence...

After independence, Sri Lanka remained a Dominion and continued to recognize the British King or Queen as the head of state. There was a periodic exchange of power between political groups, mainly the United National Party and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, a splinter group. The first Prime Minister of independent Sri Lanka was D.S. Senanayake,

and under the Sirimavo Bandaranaike government, Sri Lanka became a republic on 22 May 1972 and a President was appointed as the nominal head of state under a new constitution. Until then, William Gopallawa, who had held the position of Governor-General of Sri Lanka, assumed the office of President. Under the new constitution, which came into effect on 7 September 1978, the position of Executive President was introduced as the head of state. At that time, J.R.  Mr. Jayewardene has since been appointed as the Executive President. Since then, 20 amendments have been made to the constitution from time to time until 2020.

In 1971, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) launched an armed struggle against the Sri Lankan government. It failed, and they launched another insurgency in 1987. It also failed, and by the end of that period, tens of thousands of lives had been lost on both sides.

The most notable event in independent Sri Lanka was the Sri Lankan Civil War. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) fought against the Sri Lankan government to create a separate state called Tamil Eelam in the northern and eastern parts of the island, and the war ended on 19.05.2009, with government forces victorious.  This, which has lasted for more than 25 years, has also claimed at least one hundred thousand human lives.

The most recent notable events are the terrorist attack on Easter Sunday, 2019.04.21, and the COVID-19 pandemic, which has become a health and economic problem for the country in 2020-21.

 Sri Lanka is currently governed as a unitary semi-presidential democratic republic under a constitution introduced in 1978, with Gotabaya Rajapaksa serving as the President and his elder brother Mahinda Rajapaksa as the Prime Minister since November 2019.

In the face of the severe economic crisis in Sri Lanka, due to the rising prices and shortages of essential goods such as fuel and food, the then Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa resigned due to the impact of the Galle Face protests. The cabinet was also dissolved. Later, on 12 May 2022, Ranil Wickremesinghe was sworn in as Prime Minister (for the sixth time) to resolve the chaos in the country.

 On 09/07/2022, protests against President Gotabaya Rajapaksa led to the occupation of the Presidential Secretariat, the Presidential Palace and Temple Trees by protesters. Under these circumstances, President Gotabaya Rajapaksa left the country and Ranil Wickremesinghe became the Acting President on 13/07/2022. Following the resignation of Gotabaya Rajapaksa on 14/07/2022, Ranil Wickremesinghe was elected as the 8th Executive President of the country by a secret ballot in Parliament on 20/07/2022. He then appointed Dinesh Gunawardena as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka on 22/07/2022.

Democratic socialist republic of sri lanka

The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the official name of Sri Lanka, established by the 1978 Constitution, and is described as a sovereign, independent state headed by a President, with an executive branch of government consisting of the President and the Cabinet of Ministers. The Constitution of the Republic of Sri Lanka defines the Government of Sri Lanka as the executive branch of government consisting of the President and the Cabinet of Ministers of Sri Lanka.  The territory of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is divided into 25 administrative districts and 

with its territorial waters. According to Article 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of Sri Lanka, the Republic of Sri Lanka accords primacy to Buddhism and accordingly, it is the responsibility of the State to protect and nurture the Buddha Sasana, while Articles 10 and 14 (1) (e) grant rights to all other religions. Such other religions include Hinduism, Islam, Christianity... 

The organs of government are three branches. 

1. Executive 

2. Legislature 

3. Judiciary 

 

The President of the Republic is the Head of Government. 

•  Executive

The President of the Republic is the head of the executive and the Cabinet

The officials are included. 

In political science and constitutional law, the executive branch of a government is the branch responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. Although in many countries it is called 'the government', this usage is problematic in the international arena. The executive branch includes the head of government, who is also the head of the executive.

• Legislature

The legislature is an institution of representatives of the people (e.g. parliament) with the power to make, amend and pass laws, which performs key functions such as controlling the executive, passing the budget, imposing taxes and presenting public opinion to the government. 

• Judiciary 

The judiciary or judicial system is a system of courts that administer justice in the name of the state. It is mainly a mechanism for resolving conflicts.  In addition to prominent figures such as judges and magistrates, this application is also used for groups of people who support social justice causes. According to the theory of separation of powers, a judiciary is the branch of the state that interprets the law. Therefore, the laws enacted by the legislature are interpreted as follows.

The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a free, independent and sovereign state governed by a presidential system introduced under the 1978 Constitution. The President is the Head of State and Government and is elected by the people for a term of six years. The executive power of the state is vested in the President and is assisted by a Council of Ministers responsible for various subjects important to the development of the country and the economy of the country. Legislative power is exercised by a Parliament consisting of 225 members elected by the people on the basis of proportional representation. Provincial Councils, elected by popular vote, are the governing body at the provincial level, while local government institutions are responsible for administering urban areas and “Pradeshiya Sabha” areas. A well-established judicial system independent of the executive and legislature has been established to resolve disputes and exercise jurisdiction over various legal issues arising in the daily lives of citizens.